-
To make a sentence more formal you can:
Use 'there' as a subject: "There is a serious risk of ..."
Use 'it" as a subject: "It is impossible to ..."
Use formal phrases: "As a matter of urgency..." instead of "quickly"
Use accurate descriptions: "One-quarter of respondents opted for..."
To make a sentence informal you can:
Use contractions: "Let's" instead of "Let us"
Use personal pronouns such as "I", "You", and "We"
Use phrasal verbs
Use exaggerated expressions: "Students always/never read instructions"
Use inexact expressions: "far more" and "quite easily"
Phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs can be separable or inseparable and they can take an object or not. They are often used in expressions, hence they are informal. Here is a guide to the basics of phrasal verbs.Phrasal Verbs which Take Objects:
Phrasal verbs which take objects can be separable or inseparable: Separable phrasal verbs can remain together when using an object that is a noun or noun phrase.
I picked Tom up. OR I picked up Tom.
They put their friends up. OR They put up their friends.
Separable phrasal verbs MUST be separated when a pronoun is used:
We picked him up at the station.
They put them up.
Inseparable phrasal verbs always remain together. It makes no difference if a noun or pronoun is used.
We set off for the beach. / We set off for it.
They are looking after the children. / They are looking after them.
Phrasal Verbs which Don't Take Objects:
Some phrasal verbs do not take objects. These phrasal verbs are ALWAYS inseparable.
They thieves got away.
The bus broke down on the way to work.
She got up early.
Three-word Phrasal Verbs:
Some verbs are followed by two prepositions (or adverbs). These phrasal verbs are ALWAYS inseparable.
I'm looking forward to meeting John. OR I'm looking forward to meeting him.
They didn't get on with their mother. OR They didn't get on with her.
Phrasal Verbs Reference:
===================
Phrasal verbs marked by an asterisk (*) are NON-separable.Ask out: Ask someone to go on a date [imply a dating]
Bring about: cause
Bring up: 1. rear children 2. mention or introduce a topic
Call back: Return a telephone call
Call in: Ask to come to an official place for a special reason
Call off: Cancel
Call on*: 1. Visit 2. Ask a student a question in class
Call up: Call on the telephone
Catch up (with)*: Reach the same position or level as someone
Check in*: Register at a hotel
Check into*: investigate
Check out: 1. borrow a book from a library 2. investigate 3. leave hotel
Cheer up: Make (someone) feel happier
Clean up: Make clean and orderly
Come across* [something]: Find by chance
Cross out: Draw a line through
Cut out: Stop an annoying activity
Do over: repeat
Drop by*: Visit informally
Drop in (on)*: Visit informally
Drop off: Leave something/someone somewhere
Drop out (of)*: Stop going to school or class
Figure out: Find the answer by logic
Fill out: Complete a form [Fill in one field, fill out the complete form]
Find out: Discover information
Get along (with)*: To have a good relationship with
Get back (from): 1. return from somewhere 2. receive again
Get in, get into*: 1. enter a car 2. arrive
Get off*: Leave any vehicle
Get on*: Enter any vehicle
Get out of*: 1. Leave a car 2. avoid some unpleasant activity
Get over*: Recover from an illness
Get through*: finish
Get up*: Arise from bed, a chair etc.
Give back: Return something to someone
Give up: Stop doing something
Go over*: Review or check
Grow up*: Become an adult
Hand in: Submit an assignment
Hang up: 1. Stop a telephone conversation 2. put up clothes on a line or a hook
Have on: Wear
Keep out (of): Not enter
Keep up (with)*: Stay at the same position or level
Kick out (of): Force (someone) to leave
Look after*: Take care of
Look into*: Investigate
Look out (for)*: Be careful
Look over: Review or check
Look up: Look for information in a reference book
Make up: 1. invent 2. do past work [make-up 化妆]
Name after: Give a baby the name of someone else
Pass away*: Die
Pass out: 1. distribute 2. lose consciousness
Pick out: Select
Pick up: 1. go to get someone 2. take in one's hand
Point out: Call someone's attention to
Put away: Remove to an appropriate place
Put back: Return to original position
Put off: Postpone
Put on: Dress
Put out: Extinguish a cigarette, fire
Put up with*: Tolerate
Run into [someone]: Meet by chance
Run across: Find by chance
Run out (of): Finish a supply of something [=use up]
Show up*: Appear, come to
Shut off: Stop a machine, equipment, light etc.
Take after*: Resemble [= look like]
Take off: 1. remove clothing 2. leave on a trip 3. leave the ground (aero plane)
Take out: 1. take someone on a date [imply a dating] 2. remove
Take over: Take control
Take up: Begin a new activity
Tear down: Demolish, reduce to nothing
Tear up: Tear into many little pieces
Think over: Consider
Throw away: Discard; get rid of
Throw out: Discard; get rid of
Throw up: Vomit [become sick]
Try on: Put on clothing to see if it fits
Turn down: Decrease volume
Turn in: 1. submit class work 2. go to bed
Turn off: Stop a machine, equipment, light etc.
Turn on: Start a machine, equipment, light etc.
Turn up: Increase volume or intensity
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Meetings generally follow a more or less similar structure and can be divided into the following parts:
Introductions
Opening the Meeting
Welcoming and Introducing Participants
Stating the Principal Objectives of a Meeting
Giving Apologies for Someone Who is Absent
Reviewing Past Business
Reading the Minutes (notes) of the Last Meeting
Dealing with Recent Developments
Beginning the Meeting
Introducing the Agenda
Allocating Roles (secretary, participants)
Agreeing on the Ground Rules for the Meeting (contributions, timing, decision-making, etc.)
Discussing Items
Introducing the First Item on the Agenda
Closing an item
Next Item
Giving Control to the Next Participant
Finishing the Meeting
Summarizing
Finishing Up
Suggesting and Agreeing on Time, Date and Place for the Next Meeting
Thanking Participants for Attending
Closing the Meeting
Getting the Chairperson's Attention
(Mister/Madam) chairman.
May I have a word?
If I may, I think...
Excuse me for interrupting.
May I come in here?
Giving Opinions
I'm positive that... [I'm positively certain that, I've no doubt that, stronger that I'm sure that]
I (really) feel that...
In my opinion... [straightforward]
The way I see things...
If you ask me, ... I tend to think that...
[May I interject...]
[Qualifying Opinions]
[I feel...]
[I think...]
[It seems to me...]
[I've heard that...]
Asking for Opinions
Are you positive that...
Do you (really) think that...
(name of participant) can we get you input? [very formal]
How do you feel about...?
Commenting
That's interesting.
I never thought about it that way before.
Good point!
I get your point.
I see what you mean.
Agreeing
I totally agree with you.
Exactly!
That's (exactly) the way I feel.
I have to agree with (name of participant).
Disagreeing
Unfortunately, I see it differently.
Up to a point I agree with you, but...
(I'm afraid) I can't agree
Advising and Suggesting
Let's...
We should...
Why don't you...
How/What about...
I suggest/recommend that...
[You'd/We'd better...]
[If I were you, I would...]
[If I were in you shoes, I would...]
[It'd be better/best if we...]
[Why not try...]
[How about (trying)...]
Clarifying
Let me spell out... [explain it point by point, give detail information]
[Let me tell it out...]
Have I made that clear?
Do you see what I'm getting at? [imply a conclusion]
Let me put this another way...
I'd just like to repeat that...
Requesting Information
Please, could you...
I'd like you to...
Would you mind...
I wonder if you could...
Asking for Repetition
I'm afraid I didn't understand that. Could you repeat what you just said?
I didn't catch that. Could you repeat that, please?
I missed that. Could you say it again, please?
Could you run that by me one more time? [run that by me = say it again]
Asking for Clarification
I don't quite follow you. What exactly do you mean?
I'm afraid I don't quite understand what you are getting at.
Could you explain to me how that is going to work?
I don't see what you mean. Could we have some more details, please?
Asking for Verification
You did say next week, didn't you? ('did' is stressed)
Do you mean that...?
Is it true that...?
Asking for Spelling
Could you spell that, please?
Would you mind spelling that for me, please?
Asking for Contributions
We haven't heard from you yet, (name of participant).
What do you think about this proposal?
Would you like to add anything, (name of participant)?
Has anyone else got anything to contribute? [contribute is a formal word]
Are there any more comments?
Correcting Information
Sorry, I think you misunderstood what I said.
Sorry, that's not quite right.
I'm afraid you don't understand what I'm saying.
That's not quite what I had in mind.
That's not what I meant. [very straightforward]
Keeping the Meeting On Target (time, relevance, decisions)
We're running short of time.
Well, that seems to be all the time we have today. [we have a time limit]
Please be brief.
I'm afraid that's outside the scope of this meeting. [= off topic]
Let's get back on track, why don't we?
That's not really why we're here today.
Why don't we return to the main focus of today's meeting?
We'll have to leave that to another time.
We're beginning to lose sight of the main point.
Keep to the point, please.
I think we'd better leave that for another meeting. [deflecting a question]
Are we ready to make a decision? -
Words:======rep = representativeexpenditure / expense, expense is for bussiness and travel, living expensehaulage / tonnage: shipping weightvacant: no vacant in hotel = no empty room, two positions open for application = two vacantexpression: 1. word, phrase, expression, sentence 2. emotional look in the facewholesale (supplier) -> retail -> public, the selling process.Grammar:=======Past continuous/Progressive:1. ongoing past action interrupted (with the difference between when and while)I was working [when she called].[While it was raining], the power went out.2. time as interrupting action/eventAt 7:00 pm I was running.I was eating breakfast at 8:00 this morning.3. Parallel actionI was working while he was calling the boss.I was talking when she was typing.I was walking and he was smoking.4. Multiply parallel actions - atmosphereBluebirds were singing, whiskey spring was flowing, Jack and Ennis were fishing together.
这条没有例句，我自己加上的。大家都知道《断背山》的。5. nuisance, annoying activityShe was always talking on her cell during meetings.He was constantly criticizing me.Sentences:=========Did you get the 'gist'?gist = main pointEnglish is an emphasized language, some words receive more or less stress based on the importance.less importance:gotta = got tohaveta = have towanna = want tomore importance:will not = won'tdo = I do like this novel.Excuse me / sorry, + could you ...:Could you please say it again?Could you please speak slowly?What does that mean?Can you spell it out for me? (request to explain the detail, not to spell a word)I didn't quite catch you/that? -
今天真是开心的一天。今天是鸭子的新女朋友也就是我们的班长李莉的生日。早上我给她发了条短信：传说今天是你生日啊，祝你生日快乐。她回：呵呵，你太有才了，谢谢啦^_^今天是第三届疯兔杯“我爱星期一”，也是我第一次参加这万众瞩目的活动。详情请见：http://rainkyxue.blogbus.com/。偶来帮兔子作一下广告来，免费的。"世界上有把隐形的剑，它叫什么？"我答：隐行的剑，我知道啦，叫做淫贱（隐剑）。(行字打错了，应该是形)我又答：我知道我知道，叫做看不见（剑）。疯兔：答案是：看不见！哈哈！虽然也有很多人回答隐剑，看似很对，可是你们这么不了解阅卷老师吗！嘎天真可爱额疯兔怎么会出猥琐答案捏！恭喜肉包他哥获奖。哈哈哈哈，我第一次参加就答对了耶，虽然不是第一个答对的，没有拿到奖品，但是证明我有着深深的potential。真开心~~~今天第一次去上Linguaphone的英语课。笔记如下：What's the occasion?midday/noon, at nooncarrier: airline service provider, airline onlylook into it: investigateput through: transfer (phone call)put out: extinguish (fire), get rid ofcall in: phone call (to the office)call off: postpone/cancel (appointment)eat in: eat @homeeat out: eat @restaurant====================persuade/convince/show respect:won't (would) you + be able to help with the project?It's just that (= because) + we have to meet/make the deadline.I'd love/like to help with the project, it's just that (= but) + I'm busy.dog days 夏季最热的那几天，热得街上连狗都没有了。Indian summary 秋老虎，秋天里最热的那几天。今天我的space一日两更啦，哈哈我真是个勤奋的好孩子。========================================走过路过不要错过哦，这里有大好的学习英语的机会。请你写一段话，要用上上文中所有的淡蓝色的词。并附上中文翻译，添加到评论(comments)中去。情节越离奇越搞笑越好。试试看吧，挑战自己，娱乐大众哟~~~~========================================晕，下午竟然还有一节课。仔细看看课程还真是紧啊。每天下午一个小时SSP，还有每周两次IFP。比我想象的要频率高多了。以前在MS两周才有一节课哩。好了好了不抱怨了，笔记如下咯：Give imprecise information:There are about 600 people working in this company.There are approximately 600 people working in this company.There are a large number of students interested in taking his course.Management predicts up to 50% growth for the coming year.It's kind of a bottle opener which can also be used to peel vegetables. 好神奇哟~~It's the type of place you can go to relax for a week or so.They're the sort of people that like going bowling on Saturday evenings.It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's used for cleaning house.I'm not really sure, but I think they enjoy hiking in the mountains.A number of ways to guess:I'd say he's about ready to quit his job.It might need some oil.He could be in the garden.It looks like a miniature motor.Perhaps he needs some time off work.Maybe they want to come and visit this summer.It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's used for cleaning house.I'm not really sure, but I think they enjoy hiking in the mountains.Giving advice:I don't think you should work so hard. (strong)You ought to work less. (very strong)You ought not to work so hard. (very strong)If I were you / If I were in your position / If I were in your shoes, I'd work less.You had better work less.You shouldn't work so hard.Whatever you do (= most importantly), don't work so hard.Say 'no' nicely:-Would you like to see a film tonight?I'm afraid I can't go out tonight. I've got a test tomorrow.-Why don't we have some Indian food?Sorry, but I don't particularly like Indian food.-How about taking a nice walk?I'd really / rather not take a walk this afternoon.-Would you like to come to the museum with us?Thank you, but it's not my idea of a fun afternoon out.-Let's go for a drive.Sorry, I'm not really fond of driving for the fun of it.-Why don't you stay the night?That's very kind of you, but I really have to get back to the city.
-
DE
=========
Herr -> Mr.
Frau -> Mrs.gute -> good
haus -> house
fußball -> football
morgen -> morning
gute morgen -> good morning
hallo -> hello
dank -> thank
das -> thatvolk -> folk
wagen -> waggon
volkswagen -> 大众车auto -> car
bahn -> way, path
autobahn -> highway
hof -> yard, court
bahnhof -> train station
straße -> street, roadberg -> hill, mountain
burg -> castleja -> yes
nein -> no
abbrechen -> abandon
suchen -> search
löschen -> loss it, delete, erase, destroy, killich -> I
mein -> my
sie -> she
bin -> am
ist -> is
nicht -> is not
ich bin satt -> I have had enough, I am full
ich bin nicht satt -> I am not fullsalat -> salad
mit -> and, with, by
bier -> beer
wasser -> water
schwein -> swein, pig, porkDeutschland -> Germany
OLAZ -> OLAY (in German keyboard, Y and Z exchange)
FR
=========
bonjour -> hello, good morning
bonsoir -> good evening
merci -> thanks you
oui -> yes
non -> no, not
sortie -> exit
porc -> porkES
=========
mi -> my
su -> his, her, its, their
casa -> house
llama -> flame
señorita -> Miss
calle -> street
noche -> night
día -> dayIT
=========
tirare -> pull, cast
mi -> me, myself
su -> up, ontiramisu' -> pick me up
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随想的意思就是随便想想。我喜欢这样写东西。随便写什么，没有主题也没关系。很早以前，我自己写东西的时候，(那时候还是用笔)，就是喜欢先写完，然后再想个题目。现在干脆都叫随想，可见我比以前更懒了。不思进取会使人更加堕落。
=====================
想买一台笔记本电脑，然后带着它，和一台相机，出去旅游，拍下我见到的，写下我想到的。理理思绪，认真反省。我现在处在一个很不稳定的状态，因为正在质变的过程中。很需要这样的自我放逐。来认清自己，鞭策自己，选好以后的路，调整好自己的生活态度。
虽然机器还没买到，但是已经给它起了名字。我有给自己的私人电脑起名字的习惯。
我以前的那台台式机叫做DNV，听上去就是一个很strong很powerful的名字，让人觉得这台机器像是一台服务器。名字是这样来的：我的机器是AMD芯片和NVIDIA显卡，所以AM[DNV]IDIA。得到两个名字：DNV & AMIDIA。第一个成为了机器的名字，另一个，成为我以前的一个网站的名字。
即将买下的那台电脑，给它起了名字叫LÓTË，或者Lótë。这是古精灵语中的一个女名，意思是"花"。因为原本这台机器是准备送给女朋友的，送女朋友的话，当然是送花比较合适。呵呵。顺便赞美她一下美貌如花。
发现笔记本还是很贵的，尤其是你决定要自己买的时候。
=====================
最近忽然对很多东西失去了兴趣，或许是因为心态的改变。魔兽世界已经不能让我提起一丝兴趣了。于是很无聊的去打大富翁，抢下所有的地，买下所有的股票，金钱赚到999...，不用修改的。自己慢慢打打出来的。然后把所有的地皮建成公园。然后忽然发现：
我其实一直在给自己设一个目标，然后完成它。然后猛然觉得无比空虚。然后再设另一个目标。
如同我打大富翁，给自己设的目标是抢下所有的地，买下所有的股票，地皮全部造成公园。
于是努力完成，完成后一阵空虚。再也不碰这个游戏。或许这就是我的人生态度。或许我从没真正体会过只是为了休闲而玩游戏的那种乐趣。所以也就从没体会过只是为了让自己快乐而生活的那种乐趣。又或许努力完成目标的过程，和完成后的成就感，本身就是一种乐趣？另外我觉得有点矛盾，如果只是为了让自己快乐而生活着，那样的生活是不是会有一些不思进取？或许会很快乐，但是会不会不思进取？我不允许自己不思进取。
又或者，这两件事并不矛盾，只是我未能理解透彻。
忽然开始无比憎恨自己的幼稚。
另一个发现是，如果你想把钱赚到999...，很重要的一件事情就是，保证你的电脑对手不要那么早破产，不然他一破产你就没得赚了。
换言之，双赢会让你赢得更多。
我用孙小美。因为她很可爱，而且和我一样的姓。
=====================
有个朋友告诉我，他有一天去了一个很强的论坛。强的论坛很多，我想。猫扑，天涯，被封了的还有无数。朋友继续说："上面有人能用精灵语写诗。" 我晕了~~~
However，在微软的两年让我养成了不管什么事情都要research一下的习惯。而且对周遭的事物保持一种怀疑的态度。并且不轻易否定任何直觉上觉得不可能的事情。我research了一下。发现精灵语还是满有趣的。当然这个世界上并没有精灵，但是的确有精灵语。如果你觉得不太可能的话，我想建议你不要太轻易否定直觉上觉得不太可能的事情。
我的blog上有这样一句精灵语:
Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo.
"elen" means "star"
"síl-" means "shine", "síla", 现在进行时, means "is shining""lúmenn' omentielvo" 的完整形式是 "lúmenna omentielvo", 两个元音相撞所以省去一个。
"lúme" means "time, hour", "lúmenna" means "upon the time"
"omentie" means "meeting", "omentielva" means "our meeting", "omentielvo" means "of our meeting"Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo.
Star is shining upon the time of our meeting.
星光闪耀在你我相聚之时。
在古精灵语中，这是一句greeting。
=====================
在一个介绍精灵语的网站上看到这样一句话，原文是英语，大意如下:
我们为什么学习精灵语？精灵语并不是给那些十几二十岁的孩子拿来卖帅用的，而是......
顿时再度羞愧和愤恨自己的幼稚。
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